王敏，冯可佳，齐永安. 遗迹化石Bifungites Desio, 1940的系统修订与分类[J].河南理工大学学报(自然科学版), doi: 10.16186/j.cnki.1673-9787.2024120063.

WANG M，FENG K J，QI Y A. Systematic revision and classification of Bifungites Desio, 1940 [J]. Journal of Henan Polytechnic University( Natural Science), doi: 10.16186/j.cnki.1673-9787.2024120063.

遗迹化石Bifungites Desio, 1940的系统修订与分类(网络首发)

王敏 ^{1, 2}，冯可佳 ¹，齐永安 ¹

（1.河南理工大学 资源环境学院，河南 焦作 454000；2.现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室（中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所），江苏 南京 210000）

摘要: 目的 Bifungites Desio, 1940是分布时代最古老的遗迹化石之一，其独特的哑铃形的构造特征是早期后生动物行为习性进化的重要依据；两端形态的变化和较为集中的地史分布特征使其成为为数不多的具有年代地层学意义的遗迹化石。但由于之前对于Bifungites的命名没有统一的分类方案和鉴定标准，出现重复定名现象，进而影响该遗迹化石在古生态学和地层学中的应用。因此，十分有必要规范Bifungites相关遗迹种的鉴定标准。 方法 根据Bifungites模式种的定义及其形态学解释，对已命名的11个遗迹种的原始文献的描述和图版进行重新鉴定，并搜集整理Bifungites定名以来的相关文献，对所有已报道Bifungites进行系统修订。 结果 Bifungites层面上呈现出哑铃状，由两端膨大的腔室和中间细长的通道组成，剖面上两端腔室具有向上的管道与层面相连，为U型或倒“π”型潜穴。遗迹种之间具有不同的末端形态，将末端形态特征作为鉴定遗迹种的主要依据，最终保留了5个有效遗迹种。分别是：Bifungites cruciformis Muniz, 1982末端腔室形状呈十字型或三瓣型；Bifungites fezzanensis Desio, 1940末端腔室为半球形或短棒状；Bifungites halli Desio, 1940末端腔室形状为球形或近球状；Bifungites munizi Agostinho, Viana, & Fernandes, 2004的两个末端腔室形状和大小均不相同；Bifungites piauiensis Agostinho, Viana, & Fernandes, 2004的末端形状呈箭头形。 结论 对Bifungites的系统分类和鉴定并对已经发表的材料进行重新厘定，有助于挖掘Bifungites形态学与行为习性学意义，使其在年代地层应用中发挥重要作用。

关键词: 双菌迹；遗迹化石；哑铃状遗迹化石；属种修订；形态学

中图分类号：Q911.28

DOI: 10.16186/j.cnki.1673-9787.2024120063

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（42272130, 42372128）；现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室（中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所）资助项目（213118）

收稿日期：2024-12-25

修回日期：2025-02-26

网络首发日期：2025-07-23

Systematic revision and classification of Bifungites Desio, 1940 (Online)

Wang Min^1，2，Feng Kejia¹，Qi Yongan¹

(1.School of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, Henan, China；2.State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy (Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China)

Abstract: Objectives Bifungites Desio, 1940 is one of the oldest trace fossils, and its unique dumbbell shape is an important hint of the behavioral evolution of early metazoans. The characteristic morphological changes at both ends of the dumbbell-shaped structure and the relatively concentrated stratigraphic distribution make it one of the few ichnofossils with chronostratigraphic significance. However, there is no uniform classification scheme and identification standard for the nomenclature of Bifungites, which hinders its application in paleoecology and stratigraphy. Methods According to the definition and morphological interpretation of the ichnospecies of Bifungites, the original description and plates of the 11 available ichnospecies are re-identified, and the related literatures of Bifungites are collected. All reported Bifungites are systematically revised. Results Bifungites are dumbbell-shaped at the bottom. It is composed of enlarged chambers at both ends that are connected by slender tunnels. In vertical cross-section, the chambers are connected to the surface by vertical pipes, contributing to U-shaped or inverted ‘π’-shaped burrows. There are different terminal shapes of the dumbbell shape among the ichnospecies, and the terminal morphological characteristics are used as the main basis for the identification of the ichnospecies, and finally 5 valid ichnospecies are retained. They are: Bifungites cruciformis Muniz, 1982 with cross-shaped or three-lobed chambers; Bifungites fezzanensis Desio, 1940 with hemispherical or short rod-shaped chambers; Bifungites halli Desio, 1940 with spherical or subspherical chambers; Bifungites munizi Agostinho, Viana, & Fernandes, 2004, in which the two end chambers are different in shape and size; and Bifungites piauiensis Agostinho, Viana, & Fernandes, 2004 with arrow-shaped chambers. Conclusions The systematic classification and identification of Bifungites and the redefinition of published materials will help to explore the morphological and behavioral significance of Bifungites and improve its application in chronostratigraphy.

Key words：Bifungites；ichnofossil；dumbbell-like ichnofossil；revision of genera and species；morphology

CLC: Q911.28