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危险化学品企业事故隐患管控屏障模型研究

赵军1, 文蓬涛1, 傅贵2, 梁含笑1, 李奇3, 关磊4, 王晗4, 张锎4

1.新疆维吾尔自治区应急管理科学研究院，新疆维吾尔自治区 乌鲁木齐  830000；2.中国矿业大学（北京） 应急管理与安全工程学院，北京  100083；3.青岛康安保化工安全咨询有限公司，山东 青岛  266000；4.中国安全生产科学研究院，北京  100012

摘要:目的 加强危险化学品安全监管，预防危险化学品企业安全生产事故是当下安全管理面临的重要课题和迫切需要。在已知风险分析方法存在难以理解的情况下，提出易于理解的隐患管控屏障模型。 方法 以危险与可操作性分析（hazard and operability study，HAZOP）为基础，结合保护层分析（layer of protection analysis，LOPA）半定量分析方法，对保护层的有效性予以进一步评估，利用PHAST软件对危险源泄漏进行模拟并对该场景的修正因子进行修正，利用“24 Model”理论提出安全绩效标准，得出相关安全屏障；最终以改进的Bow-tie方法建立危险化学品企业事故隐患管控屏障模型。  结果 经过某大型氯碱化工企业历时3 a的应用研究，取得了良好成效，可生成易于理解的风险分析画面，提高风险沟通和认知，对事故隐患管控屏障模型中的每一类关键安全屏障明确其负责岗位、关键程度和国家标准规范的要求。  结论 研究结果可为危险化学品企业消除事故隐患提供相关依据，为危险化学品企业安全事故防控提供参考和借鉴。

关键词:危险化学品;HAZOP;LOPA;安全屏障;事故预控;化工安全

doi:10.16186/j.cnki.1673-9787.2024110018

基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目（52404249）；新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划项目（2022B03004，2023B01031-1）

收稿日期:2024/11/08

修回日期:2025/09/26

出版日期:2026/04/28

Research on a barrier model for controlling accident hazards in hazardous chemical enterprises

Zhao Jun1, Wen Pengtao1, Fu Gui2, Liang Hanxiao1, Li Qi3, Guan Lei4, Wang Han4, Zhang Kai4

1.Emergency Management Science Research Institute of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region， Urumqi 830000， Xinjiang Weiwuer Zizhiqu， China；2.School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering， China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing， Beijing  100083， China；3.Qingdao Kang’anbao Chemical Safety Consulting Co.， Ltd.， Qingdao  266000， Shandong， China；4.China Academy of Safety Science and Technology， Beijing  100012， China

Abstract: Objectives To strengthen safety supervision and prevent accidents in hazardous chemical enterprises is a critical and urgent issue in safety management. Due to the difficulty in understanding existing risk analysis methods， a hazard control barrier model that is easy to interpret is proposed.  Methods Based on hazard and operability study （HAZOP）， the layer of protection analysis （LOPA） semi-quantitative method was applied to further evaluate the effectiveness of protective layers. The PHAST software was used to simulate hazardous material leakage， and correction factors for the scenario were adjusted. The “24 Model” theory was used to establish safety performance standards and identify relevant safety barriers. Finally， an improved Bow-tie method was used to establish a hazard control barrier model for hazardous chemical enterprises.  Results After three years of application in a large chlor-alkali chemical enterprise， the model demonstrated good performance. It generated clear and intuitive visual risk representations， improved risk communication and awareness， and clearly defined the responsible roles， criticality levels， and relevant national standards for each key safety barrier.  Conclusions The results provide a basis for eliminating accident hazards in hazardous chemical enterprises and offer references for accident prevention and control in the chemical industry.

Key words:hazardous chemical;HAZOP;LOPA;safety barrier;accident prevention;chemical safety