赵熙临, 陈潇.基于退役电池分级互备自适应控制的一次调频[J].河南理工大学学报（自然科学版）,2024,43(3):125-134.

ZHAO X L , CHEN X .Primary frequency modulation based on retired battery with hierarchical backup and adaptive control[J].Journal of Henan Polytechnic University(Natural Science) ,2024,43(3):125-134.

基于退役电池分级互备自适应控制的一次调频

赵熙临, 陈潇

湖北工业大学 电气与电子工程学院，湖北 武汉 430068

摘要:  目的  “双碳”目标下新能源大量并网导致电力系统等效惯量降低、电能供应不确定性增加，给电网频率安全带来挑战。电池储能响应快速、调节灵活，近年来在电网调频中得到广泛关注。考虑到目前新能源汽车发展迅猛，随之而来的是汽车电池大量退役，计及电池配置成本问题，本文开展如何在安全使用的前提下，充分利用退役电池参与到电网调频应用的研究。    方法  首先，构建退役电池参与电网一次调频的AGC模型，并分析退役电池充放电深度对其剩余寿命的影响，确定其运行的SOC阈值范围；其次，通过设计出力比例系数，将虚拟惯性和虚拟下垂优势最大化，同时以退役电池SOC为切换条件进行分级自适应控制；然后，引入频率偏差分配系数使另一组退役电池参与备用配合，避免一组电池频繁切换充放电状态损耗电池剩余使用寿命；最后，在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建仿真模型，设置多组参数并对比。    结果  仿真结果证明，合理利用退役电池能够有效替代新电池参与到电网调频控制中，对电网频率的稳定性及安全运行提供有效支撑。    结论  本文所提方案中，退役电池能够有效降低电网最大频率偏差，避免电池SOC越限及频率二次跌落。同时，该方案显著减少了退役电池在负荷波动时的充放电切换次数，有利于延长退役电池剩余使用寿命。

关键词:退役电池;荷电状态;一次调频;分级互备;自适应控制

doi:10.16186/j.cnki.1673-9787.2022110061

基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目（61603127）

收稿日期:2022/11/29

修回日期:2023/05/24

出版日期:2024/05/15

Primary frequency modulation based on retired battery with hierarchical backup and adaptive control

ZHAO Xilin, CHEN Xiao

School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering， Hubei University of Technology， Wuhan 430068， Hubei， China

Abstract:  Objectives  Under the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality，a large number of new energy is connected to the grid，resulting in a decrease in the equivalent inertia of the power system and an increase in the uncertainty of power supply，which has brought challenges to the frequency security of the power grid.In recent years， battery energy storage has received extensive attention in the field of power grid frequency modulation due to its fast response and flexible regulation.Considering the rapid development of new energy vehicles at present， a large number of automotive batteries are being retired. Taking into account the cost associated with battery configuration， how to make full use of retired battery in participating in grid frequency regulation applications under the premise of safe utilization was a research-worthy issue， and this article conducted an in-depth study on this matter.   Methods  Firstly， the AGC model of retired batteries participating in the primary frequency modulation of power grid was constructed， and the influence of the charge and discharge depth of retired batteries on their remaining life was analyzed to determine the SOC threshold range of their operation.Secondly，by designing the proportional coefficient of output， the advantages of virtual inertia and virtual droop were maximized，and the retired battery SOC was used as the switching condition for hierarchical adaptive control.Then，the frequency deviation distribution coefficient was introduced to make another group of retired battery participate in the standby coordination， so as to avoid the frequent switching of charging and discharging states of one group of batteries， which would damage the remaining service life of the battery.   Results  Finally，by constructing a simulation model in MATLAB/Simulink，setting multiple sets of parameters for comparison， the results demonstrated that the rational utilization of retired battery can successfully substitute for new batteries in participating in grid frequency control，which provided effective support for the stability and secure operation of the grid.   Conclusions  Under the proposed approach， retired batteries can effectively reduce the maximum frequency deviation of the grid，avoiding over-limit SOC and secondary frequency drops. At the same time， this approach significantly reduced the number of charge-discharge switchings of retired battery during load fluctuations，which was beneficial for extending the remaining lifespan of the battery.  

Key words:retired battery;state of charge;primary frequency modulation;hierarchical backup;adaptive control