WANG G, HONG W T, YE L Y,et al.Optimization of solid waste-based geopolymer grouting materials using response surface methodology[J].Journal of Henan Polytechnic University(Natural Science) ,2026,45(4):199-208.

doi:10.16186/j.cnki.1673-9787.2025060026

Received:2025/05/15

Revised:2025/08/07

Published:2026/06/17

Optimization of solid waste-based geopolymer grouting materials using response surface methodology

Wang Gang1,2, Hong Wenteng1, Ye Liyang1, Zhang Fulai1, Zheng Chengcheng2, Wang Pengju2

1.College of Civil Engineering， Fujian University of Technology， Fuzhou  350116，Fujian，China;2.College of Civil Engineering and Architecture， Shandong University of Science and Technology， Qingdao  266590，Shandong， China

Abstract: Objectives To address the engineering challenge of resource utilization of industrial solid wastes， particularly shield muck， and to optimize a solid waste-based geopolymer grouting material using response surface methodology.  Methods A solid waste-based geopolymer grouting material， with shield muck as the primary component and other industrial wastes as supplementary materials， was developed through D-optimal mixture design and response surface methodology. The D -optimal mixture design was employed to determine the optimal proportions of solid powders， including shield muck， slag， steel slag， and fly ash. Subsequently， response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects of activator modulus， activator concentration， liquid-to-solid ratio， and binder-to-sand ratio on flowability， 28-day compressive strength， and flexural strength of the hardened grout.  Results Results showed that the grouting material exhibited favorable flowability and mechanical properties when the solid powder proportion consisted of 60% shield muck， 20% slag， 15% steel slag， and 5% fly ash. Analysis of variance showed that activator concentration had the most significant effect on flowability， followed by activator modulus， binder-to-sand ratio， and liquid-to-solid ratio. As activator concentration increased， the flowability of the grouting material decreased， whereas the 28-day compressive and flexural strengths of the hardened grout increased. Activator modulus had the most significant effect on the 28-day compressive and flexural strengths of the hardened grout， followed by activator concentration，  binder-to-sand ratio， and liquid-to-solid ratio. As activator modulus increased， flowability improved， whereas the 28-day compressive and flexural strengths decreased. The quadratic prediction models established for flowability， 28-day compressive strength， and flexural strength exhibited coefficients of determination greater than 0.9， and the relative errors between predicted and experimental values were less than 8%， indicating high model reliability.  Conclusions The developed solid waste-based geopolymer grouting material exhibits excellent flowability and mechanical properties. These findings provide technical guidance for material selection in tunnel grouting projects and offer a feasible approach for the resource utilization of shield muck and other industrial solid wastes.

Key words:solid waste-based geopolymer;-optimal mixture design;response surface methodology;grouting material