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城镇建（构）筑物下充填开采技术及合理工艺设计

张洋1,2, 周雨顺1,3, 王方田1,3, 鲁岩1,3, 郝文华1,3, 王旭1,3

1.中国矿业大学 矿业工程学院，江苏 徐州  221116；2.河南省正龙煤业有限公司， 河南 永城  476600；3.中国矿业大学 煤炭精细勘探与智能开发全国重点实验室，江苏 徐州  221116

摘要: 目的 针对煤炭开采面临的建（构）筑物下大量压煤限制矿井可持续发展的难题，以城郊煤矿为试验矿井，开展城镇建（构）筑物下压煤合理充填开采技术与工艺研究。  方法 采用工程类比、方案对比、理论计算等方法，基于建（构）筑物充填开采方法选取需要满足不允许地表塌陷要求的原则，提出综采胶结膏体充填、新型固体充填、超高水充填材料充填和覆岩隔离注浆充填4种建（构）筑物下压煤开采方案。分析不同充填开采方案的采场岩层控制效果，确定最优充填开采方案为综采胶结膏体充填开采。依据煤层厚度确定支架高度，从抵抗膏体侧向力、充填面顶板下沉量控制需要2方面确定支架工作阻力。设计综采胶结膏体充填开采方法，通过优化“隔离-充填-采煤”协同工艺，解决采充干扰问题。根据充填体在凝固阶段、采煤阶段的作用，确定早期强度，确定充填体强度稳定安全系数，得出充填体后期强度，进行膏体充填材料配比试验和力学性能测试。  结果 膏体充填支架最小结构高度为2.0 m，最大结构高度为3.8 m，支架伸缩比为1.9，支架工作阻力大于8 250 kN，凝固阶段膏体充填体强度不小于0.06 MPa，采煤阶段膏体充填体强度不小于0.16 MPa，充填体强度稳定安全系数取2.5，得出膏体充填体凝固28 d单轴抗压强度不小于2.97 MPa，确定了经济且满足强度要求的粉煤灰膏体和矸石粉煤灰膏体配比。  结论 城镇下压煤合理充填开采技术及工艺设计在城郊煤矿的实践可为国内类似矿井提供有益借鉴。

关键词:“三下”采煤;充填开采;充填工艺设计;城镇下压煤;充填方案

doi:10.16186/j.cnki.1673-9787.2025080034

基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目（52474151）；中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目（2023ZDPY03）

收稿日期:2025/08/19

修回日期:2025/12/16

出版日期:2026/01/28

Backfilling mining technology and rational process design for coal seams beneath urban buildings

Zhang Yang1,2, Zhou Yushun1,3, Wang Fangtian1,3, Lu Yan1,3, Hao Wenhua1,3, Wang Xu1,3

1.School of Mines， China University of Mining & Technology， Xuzhou  221116， Jiangsu， China；2.Henan Zhenglong Coal Industry Co.， Ltd.， Yongcheng  476600， Henan， China；3.State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources， China University of Mining & Technology， Xuzhou  221116， Jiangsu， China

Abstract: Objectives To address the challenge of large amounts of coal resources constrained beneath urban buildings， which restrict the sustainable development of coal mines， Chengjiao Coal Mine was selected as a test site to investigate rational backfilling mining technologies and process designs for coal seams beneath urban buildings.  Methods Using engineering analogy， scheme comparison， and theoretical calculation methods， and based on the principle that backfilling mining beneath buildings must prevent surface subsidence， four mining schemes were proposed： fully mechanized mining with cemented paste backfilling， new solid backfilling mining， super-high-water backfilling mining， and overburden isolation grouting backfill mining. The strata control effects of different schemes were analyzed， and the optimal scheme was determined as fully mechanized mining with cemented paste backfilling. Support height was determined according to coal seam thickness， and the working resistance of the support was calculated based on resistance to lateral paste pressure and control of roof subsidence at the filling face. A coordinated “isolation-backfilling-coal mining” process was designed to eliminate mining-filling interference. Based on the roles of the backfilling body during the solidification and coal mining stages， the early strength， stability safety factor， and later-stage strength of the backfilling body were determined. Mix proportion experiments and mechanical property tests of paste backfilling materials were conducted. Results The minimum and maximum structural height of the paste backfilling support are 2.0 m and 3.8 m， respectively， with an extension ratio of 1.9. The working resistance of the support exceeds 8 250 kN. The compressive strength of the paste backfilling body is not less than 0.06 MPa during the solidification stage and not less than 0.16 MPa during the coal mining stage. With a strength stability safety factor of 2.5， the uniaxial compressive strength of the paste backfilling body after 28 days of curing is not less than 2.97 MPa. Economical mix proportions that satisfy strength requirements were obtained for fly ash paste and gangue-fly ash paste backfilling materials.  Conclusions The rational backfilling mining technology and process design for coal seams beneath urban buildings applied at Chengjiao Coal Mines can provide valuable references for similar mines in China.

Key words: coal mining under buildings，water bodies and railways; backfilling mining; backfilling process design; coal seams beneath urban areas; backfilling scheme